# Model-Based Rendering

While Ren'Py is primarily used with two dimensional rectangular images that are common in visual novels, underneath the hood it has a model-based renderer intended to to take advantage of features found in modern GPUs. This allows for a number of visual effects that would not otherwise be possible.

As a warning, this is one of the most advanced features available in Ren'Py. In many cases, it's not necessary to understand how model-based rendering works behind the scenes - features like `matrixcolor` and Live2D support can be used without understanding how Model-Based rendering works, and more such features will be added to the understanding. This documentation is intended for very advanced creators, and for developers looking to add to Ren'Py itself.

As of Ren'Py 7.4 (late 2020), Model-Based rendering needs to be enabled to be used. This is done by setting config.gl2 to True, using:

    define config.gl2 = True

define `config.gl2` = False

  If true, Ren'Py will default to using a model-based renderer.

As it's expected that model-based rendering will become the only renderer in the near future, the rest of this documentation is written as if model-based rendering is enabled all the time.

Model-Based Rendering is one of the most advanced features in Ren'Py, and this documentation may be hard to understand without first looking at the OpenGL, OpenGL ES, GLSL, and GLSL ES manual. What's more, since there are portions of the models that are passed directly to your GPU drivers, which may accept erroneous inputs, it's important to check on multiple kinds of hardware.

## Models, Renders, and Drawing Operations

The fundamental thing that Ren'Py draws to the screen is a Model. A model consists of the following things:

- A Mesh of one or more triangles. A triangle consists of three vertices (corners), each of which contains a position in two or three-dimensional space, and may contain additional information, most commonly texture coordinates.
- Zero or more textures, with the precise number allowed being limited by the GPUs your game can run on. All GPUs should support at least three textures per model. A texture is a rectangle containing image data that's been loaded on the GPU, either directly or using a render-to-texture operation.
- A list of shader part names. Ren'Py uses these shader parts to created shaders, which are programs that are run on the GPU to render the model. Shader part names can be prefixed with a "-" to prevent that shader part from being used.
- Uniform values. A uniform is additional data that is the same throughout the model. For example, when a model represents a solid color, the color is a uniform.
- GL properties. GL properties are flags that further control how things are rendered, such as the minification/magnification modes and the color mask.

As Ren'Py usually draws more than one thing to the screen, it creates a tree of `Render` objects. These Render objects may have Models or other Renders as children. (A Render object can also be turned into a Model. as described below.) A Render contains:

- A list of children, including a 2-dimensional offset that is applied to each child.
- A `Matrix` that describes how the children are transformed in three-dimensional space.
- Lists of shader part names, uniforms, and GL properties that are applied to the Models when being drawn.
- Flags that determine if the drawable-space clipping polygon should be updated.

Ren'Py draws the screen by performing a depth-first walk through the tree of Renders, until a Model is encountered. During this walk, Ren'Py updates a matrix transforming the location of the Model, a clipping polygon, and lists of shader parts, uniforms, and gl properties. When a Model is encountered as part of this walk, the appropriate shader program is activated on the GPU, all information is transferred, and a drawing operation occurs.

## Where Models are Created

Ren'Py creates Models automatically as part of its normal operation. The main reason to understand where models are created is that models correspond to drawing operations, and hence are the units that shaders are applied to.

Images and Image Manipulators
  These create a model with a mesh containing two triangles that cover the rectangle of the image. The mesh contains texture coordinates. The model uses the "renpy.texture" shader.
`Solid()`
  The Solid displayable creates a mesh containing two triangles, and no texture coordinates. The model uses the "renpy.solid" shader, with the color placed in the `u_renpy_solid_color` uniform.
`Dissolve()`, `ImageDissolve()`, `AlphaDissolve()`, `Pixellate()`, `AlphaMask()`, `Flatten()`
  Each of these transforms and displayables creates a Model with a mesh, shaders, and uniforms as is needed for its purposes.
Live2D
  Live2D displayables may created multiple Models when rendered, generally one Model for each layer.
`Transform()` and ATL

  A Transform creates a model if `mesh` is true, or if `blur` is being used. In this case, the children of the Transform are rendered to textures, with the mesh of the first texture being used for the mesh associated with the model.

  Not every transform creates a Model. Some transforms will simply add shaders and uniforms to a Render (such as transforms that use `blur` or `alpha`). Other transforms simply affect geometry.

`Render`
  A Transform creates a model if its `mesh` attribute is True. is being used. In this case, the children of the Render are rendered to textures, with the mesh of the first texture being used for the mesh associated with the model.

It's expected that Ren'Py will add more ways of creating models in the future.

## Shader Program Generation

Ren'Py generates a shader program by first assembling a list of shader part names. This list consists of "renpy.geometry", the list of shader parts taken from Renders, and the list of shader parts found in the Model being drawn.

The shader parts are then deduplicated. If a shader part begins with "-", it is removed from the list, as is the rest of that part without the leading "-". (So "-renpy.geometry" will cause itself and "renpy.geometry" to be removed.)

Ren'Py then takes the list of shader parts, and retrieves lists of variables, functions, vertex shade parts, and fragment shader parts. These are, in turn, used to generate the source code for shaders, with the parts of the vertex and fragement shaders being included in low-number to high-number priority order.

This means that any variable created by one of the shader will be accessible by every other fragment from any other shader in the list of shader parts. There is no scope like in Python functions to protect interference between shaders.

Ren'Py keeps a cache of all combinations of shader parts that have ever been used in game/cache/shaders.txt, and loads them at startup. If major changes in shader use occur, this file should be edited or deleted so it can be re-created with valid data.

## Creating a Custom Shader

New shader parts can be created by calling the renpy.register_shader function and supplying portions of GLSL shaders.

Generally, shader parts should be of the form "namespace.part", such as "mygame.recolor" or "mylibrary.warp". Names beginning with "renpy." or "live2d." are reserved for Ren'Py, as are names beginning with _.

`renpy.``register_shader`(name, **kwargs)

  This registers a shader part. This takes name, and then keyword arguments.

  name
    A string giving the name of the shader part. Names starting with an underscore or "renpy." are reserved for Ren'Py.
  variables

    The variables used by the shader part. These should be listed one per line, a storage (uniform, attribute, or varying) followed by a type, name, and semicolon. For example:

        variables='''
        uniform sampler2D tex0;
        attribute vec2 a_tex_coord;
        varying vec2 v_tex_coord;
        '''

  vertex_functions
    If given, a string containing functions that will be included in the vertex shader.
  fragment_functions
    If given, a string containing functions that will be included in the fragment shader.

  Other keyword arguments should start with `vertex_` or `fragment_`, and end with an integer priority. So "fragment_200" or "vertex_300". These give text that's placed in the appropriate shader at the given priority, with lower priority numbers inserted before higher priority numbers.

Ren'Py supports only the following variable types:

- float (a Python float)
- vec2 (a tuple of 2 floats)
- vec3 (a tuple of 3 floats)
- vec4 (a tuple of 4 floats)
- mat4 (a `Matrix`)
- sampler2D (supplied by Ren'Py)

Uniform variables should begin with u_, attributes with a_, and varying variables with v_. Names starting with u_renpy_, a_renpy, and v_renpy are reserved, as are the standard variables given below.

As a general sketch for priority levels, priority 100 sets up geometry, priority 200 determines the initial fragment color (gl_FragColor), and higher-numbered priorities can apply effects to alter that color.

Here's an example of a custom shader part that applies a gradient across each model it is used to render:

    init python:

        renpy.register_shader("example.gradient", variables="""
            uniform vec4 u_gradient_left;
            uniform vec4 u_gradient_right;
            uniform vec2 u_model_size;
            varying float v_gradient_done;
            attribute vec4 a_position;
        """, vertex_300="""
            v_gradient_done = a_position.x / u_model_size.x;
        """, fragment_300="""
            float gradient_done = v_gradient_done;
            gl_FragColor *= mix(u_gradient_left, u_gradient_right, gradient_done);
        """)

The custom shader can then be applied using a transform:

    transform gradient:
        shader "example.gradient"
        u_gradient_left (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
        u_gradient_right (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)

    show eileen happy at gradient

As stated before, the `gradient_done` variable from the example.gradient shader will be accessible by any and all other shaders applied from the same list. This can be useful when having optional parts in a given shader system, but it can also lead to name collisions when using two independent shaders.

There is a variable that can help in debugging custom shaders:

define `config.log_gl_shaders` = False

  If true, source code for the GLSL shader programs will be written to log.txt on start.

## Transforms and Model-Based Rendering

Model-Based rendering adds the following properties to ATL and `Transform()`:

`mesh`

  Type: | None or True or tuple
  Default: | None

  If not None, this Transform will be rendered as a model. This means:

  - A mesh will be created. If this is a 2-component tuple, it's taken as the number of points in the mesh, in the x and y directions. (Eacn dimension must be at least 2.) If True, the mesh is taken from the child.
  - The child of this transform will be rendered to a texture.
  - The renpy.texture shader will be added.

`mesh_pad`

  Type: | None or tuple
  Default: | None

  If not None, this can either be a 2 or 4 component tuple. If mesh is true and this is given, this applies padding to the size of the textues applied to the the textures used by the mesh. A two component tuple applies padding to the right and bottom, while a four component tuple applies padding to the left, top, right, and bottom.

  This can be used, in conjunction with the `gl_pixel_perfect` property, to render text into a mesh. In Ren'Py, text is rendered at the screen resoltution, which might overflow the boundaries of the texture that will be applied to the mesh. Adding a few pixels of padding makes the texture bigger, which will display all pixels. For example:

      transform adjust_text:
          mesh True
          mesh_pad (10, 0)
          gl_pixel_perfect True
          shader "shaders.adjust_text"

  will ensure that the texture passed to the shader contains all of the pixels of the text.

`shader`

  Type: | None or str or list of str
  Default: | None

  If not None, a shader part name or list of shader part names that will be applied to the this Render (if a Model is created) or the Models reached through this Render.

`blend`

  Type: | None or str
  Default: | None

  if not None, this should be a string. This string is looked up in `config.gl_blend_func` to get the value for the gl_blend_func property. It's used to use alternate blend modes.

  The default blend modes this supports are "normal", "add", "multiply", "min", and "max".

In addition, uniforms that start with u_ but not with u_renpy are made available as Transform properties. GL properties are made available as transform properties starting with gl_. For example, the color_mask property is made available as gl_color_mask.

## Blend Functions

define `config.gl_blend_func` = { ... }

  A dictionary used to map a blend mode name to a blend function. The blend modes are supplied to the blend func property, given below.

The default blend modes are:

    gl_blend_func["normal"] = (GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
    gl_blend_func["add"] = (GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_ONE, GL_ONE, GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_ZERO, GL_ONE)
    gl_blend_func["multiply"] = (GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_DST_COLOR, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_ZERO, GL_ONE)
    gl_blend_func["min"] = (GL_MIN, GL_ONE, GL_ONE, GL_MIN, GL_ONE, GL_ONE)
    gl_blend_func["max"] = (GL_MAX, GL_ONE, GL_ONE, GL_MAX, GL_ONE, GL_ONE)

## Uniforms and Attributes

The following uniforms are made available to all Models.

`vec2 u_model_size`
  The width and height of the model.

`float u_lod_bias`
  The level of detail bias to apply to texture lookups. This may be set in a Transform. The default value, taken from `config.gl_lod_bias` and defaulting to -0.5, biases Ren'Py to always pick the next bigger level and scale it down.
`mat4 u_transform`
  The transform used to project virtual pixels to the OpenGL viewport.
`float u_time`
  The time of the frame. The epoch is undefined, so it's best to treat this as a number that increases by one second a second. The time is modulo 86400, so it will reset to 0.0 once a day.
`vec4 u_random`
  Four random numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 that are (with incredibly high likelyhood) different from frame to frame.
`vec4 u_viewport`
  This gives the current viewport being drawn into. u_viewport.xy is are the coordinates of the bottom-left corner of the viewport, relative to the bottom-left corner of the window. u_viewport.pq is the width and height of the viewport.
`sampler2D tex0`, `sampler2D tex1`, `sampler2D tex2`
  If textures are available, the corresponding samplers are placed in this variable.
`vec2 res0`, `vec2 res1`, `vec2 res2`
  If textures are available, the size of the textures are placed in these variables. When the texture is loaded from disk, this is the size of the image file. After a render to texture, it's the number of drawable pixels the rendered texture covered.

The following attributes are available to all models:

`vec4 a_position`
  The position of the vertex being rendered.

If textures are available, so is the following attribute:

`vec2 a_tex_coord`
  The coordinate that this vertex projects to inside the textures.

## GL Properties

GL properties change the global state of OpenGL, or the Model-Based renderer. These properties can be used with a Transform, or with the `Render.add_property()` function.

`gl_blend_func`

  If present, this is expected to be a six-component tuple, which is used to set the equation used to blend the pixel being drawn with the pixel it is being drawn to, and the parameters to that equation.

  Specifically, this should be (rgb_equation, src_rgb, dst_rgb, alpha_equation, src_alpha, dst_alpha). These will be used to call:

      glBlendEquationSeparate(rgb_equation, alpha_equation)
      glBlendFuncSeparate(src_rgb, dst_rgb, src_alpha, dst_alpha)

  Please see the OpenGL documentation for what these functions do. OpenGL constants can be imported from renpy.uguu:

      init python:
          from renpy.uguu import GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA

  The `blend` transform property is generally an easy way to use this.

`gl_color_mask`
  This is expecting to be a 4-tuple of booleans, corresponding to the four channels of a pixel (red, green, blue, and alpha). If a given channel is true, the draw operation will write to that pixel. Otherwise, it will not.
`gl_depth`

  If true, this will clear the depth buffer, and then enable depth rendering for this displayable and the children of this displayable.

  Note that drawing any pixel, even transparent pixels, will update the depth buffer. As a result, using this with images that have transparency may lead to unexpected problems. (As an alternative, consider the `zorder` and `behind` clauses of the `show` statement.)

`gl_pixel_perfect`
  When True, Ren'Py will move the mesh such that the first vertex is aligned with a pixel on the screen. This is mostly used in conjunction with text, to ensure that the text remains sharp.

The following properties only take effect when a texture is being created, by a Transform with `mesh` set, or by `Model()`, where these can be supplied the property method.

`gl_drawable_resolution`
  If true or not set, the texture is rendered at the same resolution as the window displaying the game. If false, it's rendered at the virtual resolution of the displayable.
`gl_anisotropic`

  If supplied, this determines if the textures applied to a mesh are created with anisotropy. Anisotropy is a feature that causes multiple texels (texture pixels) to be sampled when a texture is zoomed by a different amount in X and Y.

  This defaults to true. Ren'Py sets this to False for certain effects, like the Pixellate transition.

`gl_mipmap`
  If supplied, this determines if the textures supplied to a mesh are created with mipmaps. This defaults to true.
`gl_texture_wrap`

  When supplied, this determines how the textures applied to a mesh are wrapped. This expects a 2-component tuple, where the first component is used to set GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S and the second component is used to set GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, which conventionally are the X and Y axes of the created textyure.

  The values should be OpenGL constants imported from renpy.uguu:

      init python:
          from renpy.uguu import GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT, GL_REPEAT

## Model Displayable

The Model displayable acts as a factory to created models for use with the model-based renderer.

class `Model`(size=None, **properties)

  This is a displayable that causes Ren'Py to create a 2D or 3D model for use with the model-based renderer, that will be drawn in a single operation with the shaders given here, or selected by an enclosing Transform or Displayable.

  size
    If not None, this should be a width, height tuple, that's used to give the size of the Model. If not given, the model is the size of the area provided to it. The fit parameter to a texture takes precedence.

  If no mesh method is called, a mesh that sets a_position and a_tex_coord to match the way Ren'Py loads textures is created if at least one texture is supplied. Otherwise, a mesh that only sets a_position is used.

  All methods on this calls return the displayable the method is called on, making it possible to chain calls.

  `child`(displayable, fit=False)

    This is the same as the texture method, except that the focus and main parameters are set to true.

  `grid_mesh`(width, height)

    Creates a mesh that consists of a width x height grid of evenly spaced points, connecting each point to the closest points vertically and horizontally, and dividing each rectangle in the grid so created into triangles.

    width, height
      The number of points in the horizontal vertical directions, a integer that is at least 2.
  `property`(name, value)

    Sets the value of a gl property.

    name
      A string giving the name of the GL property, including the "gl_" prefix.
    value
      The value of the gl property.
  `shader`(shader)

    Adds a shader to this model.

    shader
      A string given the name of a shader to use with this model.
  `texture`(displayable, focus=False, main=False, fit=False)

    Add a texture to this model, by rendering the given displayable. The first texture added will be `tex0`, the second `tex1`, a and so on.

    focus
      If true, focus events are passed to the displayable. It's assumed that coordinate relative to the model map 1:1 with coordinates relative to the displayable.
    main
      If true, this is marked as a main child of this displayable, which allows it to be inspected using the displayable inspector.
    fit
      If true, the Model is given the size of the displayable. This may only be true for one texture.
  `uniform`(name, value)

    Sets the value of a uniform that is passed to the shaders.

    name
      A string giving the name of the uniform to set, including the "u_" prefix.
    value
      The value of the uniform. Either a float, a 2, 3, or 4 element tuple of floats, or a Matrix.

### Model Displayable Examples

The Model displayable can be used in conjunction with an ATL transform and a built-in shader to create the Dissolve transform:

    transform dt(delay=1.0, new_widget=None, old_widget=None):
        delay delay
        Model().texture(old_widget).child(new_widget)
        shader [ 'renpy.dissolve' ]

        u_renpy_dissolve 0.0
        linear delay u_renpy_dissolve 1.0

Using the Model displayable as the child of a displayable is incompatible with `mesh`, as the two both create models inside Ren'Py.

## Default Shader Parts

### renpy.geometry (priority 100)

Variables:

    uniform mat4 u_transform;
    attribute vec4 a_position;

Vertex shader:

    gl_Position = u_transform * a_position;

### renpy.blur (priority 200)

Variables:

    uniform sampler2D tex0;
    attribute vec2 a_tex_coord;
    varying vec2 v_tex_coord;
    uniform float u_renpy_blur_log2;

Vertex shader:

    v_tex_coord = a_tex_coord;

Fragment shader:

    gl_FragColor = vec4(0.);
    float renpy_blur_norm = 0.;

    for (float i = -5.; i < 1.; i += 1.) {
        float renpy_blur_weight = exp(-0.5 * pow(u_renpy_blur_log2 - i, 2.));
        renpy_blur_norm += renpy_blur_weight;
    }

    gl_FragColor += renpy_blur_norm * texture2D(tex0, v_tex_coord.xy, 0.);

    for (float i = 1.; i < 14.; i += 1.) {

        if (i >= u_renpy_blur_log2 + 5.) {
            break;
        }

        float renpy_blur_weight = exp(-0.5 * pow(u_renpy_blur_log2 - i, 2.));
        gl_FragColor += renpy_blur_weight * texture2D(tex0, v_tex_coord.xy, i);
        renpy_blur_norm += renpy_blur_weight;
    }

    gl_FragColor /= renpy_blur_norm;

### renpy.dissolve (priority 200)

Variables:

    uniform float u_lod_bias;
    uniform sampler2D tex0;
    uniform sampler2D tex1;
    uniform float u_renpy_dissolve;
    attribute vec2 a_tex_coord;
    varying vec2 v_tex_coord;

Vertex shader:

    v_tex_coord = a_tex_coord;

Fragment shader:

    vec4 color0 = texture2D(tex0, v_tex_coord.st, u_lod_bias);
    vec4 color1 = texture2D(tex1, v_tex_coord.st, u_lod_bias);

    gl_FragColor = mix(color0, color1, u_renpy_dissolve);

### renpy.imagedissolve (priority 200)

Variables:

    uniform float u_lod_bias;
    uniform sampler2D tex0;
    uniform sampler2D tex1;
    uniform sampler2D tex2;
    uniform float u_renpy_dissolve_offset;
    uniform float u_renpy_dissolve_multiplier;
    attribute vec2 a_tex_coord;
    varying vec2 v_tex_coord;

Vertex shader:

    v_tex_coord = a_tex_coord;

Fragment shader:

    vec4 color0 = texture2D(tex0, v_tex_coord.st, u_lod_bias);
    vec4 color1 = texture2D(tex1, v_tex_coord.st, u_lod_bias);
    vec4 color2 = texture2D(tex2, v_tex_coord.st, u_lod_bias);

    float a = clamp((color0.a + u_renpy_dissolve_offset) * u_renpy_dissolve_multiplier, 0.0, 1.0);
    gl_FragColor = mix(color1, color2, a);

### renpy.solid (priority 200)

Variables:

    uniform vec4 u_renpy_solid_color;

Fragment shader:

    gl_FragColor = u_renpy_solid_color;

### renpy.texture (priority 200)

Variables:

    uniform float u_lod_bias;
    uniform sampler2D tex0;
    attribute vec2 a_tex_coord;
    varying vec2 v_tex_coord;

Vertex shader:

    v_tex_coord = a_tex_coord;

Fragment shader:

    gl_FragColor = texture2D(tex0, v_tex_coord.xy, u_lod_bias);

### renpy.matrixcolor (priority 400)

Variables:

    uniform mat4 u_renpy_matrixcolor;

Fragment shader:

    gl_FragColor = u_renpy_matrixcolor * gl_FragColor;

### renpy.alpha (priority 500)

Variables:

    uniform float u_renpy_alpha;
    uniform float u_renpy_over;

Fragment shader:

    gl_FragColor = gl_FragColor * vec4(u_renpy_alpha, u_renpy_alpha, u_renpy_alpha, u_renpy_alpha * u_renpy_over);